term referring to the practice of excluding a classification or race of people who have not been historically discriminated against, usually whites, from positions that are made available exclusively to persons or groups that have traditionally been the subject of discrimination, or who otherwise benefit from affirmative action programs. The term has been applied to the practice of reserving positions for minorities in school admissions programs, corporate promotions, and rehiring of blacks with less job seniority than whites. The contention that affirmative action violates the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. §§2000d et seq., has been the cause of differing opinions by members of the Supreme Court

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